ENDNOTES 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 320 Naoero Citizenship Act (2017) Article 16; The Constitution of the Republic of Palau (1981) (rev. 1992) art 3(3); Citizenship Act Amendment Bill (2013) s 1 (Palau), available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/6061914a4.pdf; Constitution (Amendment) (Dual Citizenship) Act (2018) s (Solomon Islands); Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu (1980) Chapter 3, Article 13(1). The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 24; Citizenship Act (1984) s 411 (Marshall Islands). Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) Part IV, Article 64. Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia (1978) (rev. 1990) art 3(3); Citizenship and Naturalization (Amendment) Act PL19-91 (2016) s 1 (Micronesia); Federated States of Micronesia Revised Code 2014 Title 7 Citizenship, s 101(1). Citizenship Act (1979) s 7(9) (Kiribati); Citizenship Act (1984) s 403(2) (Marshall Islands). Citizenship Act (1984) s 403(2) (Marshall Islands). Citizenship Act (1979) s 7(9) (Kiribati). “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle” (Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, May 2021), https://files.institutesi. org/UPR38_All_Country_Summary.pdf. Citizenship Act (2008) s 6(1.5a) (Tuvalu). Citizenship Act (2008) s 10 (Tuvalu). “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 14, 2023), https:// www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2022. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 16, 2022), https:// www.unhcr.org/us/media/40152; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5; UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020’ (June 2021) Annex, Table 5 UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5; UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020’ (June 2021) Annex, Table 5 “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021”; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” See e.g., AL (Myanmar) [2018] NZIPT 801255. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2020), https:// www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/globaltrends2019/. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2021), https:// www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/60b638e37/global-trends-forced-displacement-2020.html. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Pledges & Contributions,” The Global Compact on Refugees | UNHCR, accessed January 5, 2024, https:// globalcompactrefugees.org/pledges-contributions. “Pledges 2011: Ministerial Intergovernmental Event on Refugees and Stateless Persons” (UNHCR, May 2012), https://www. unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4ff55a319.pdf. “Pledges 2011: Ministerial Intergovernmental Event on Refugees and Stateless Persons.” “Factsheet: Statelessness in Australia” (University of Melbourne, February 2023), https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0008/4488281/Statelessness-in-Australia.pdf. “Pledges & Contributions,” The Global Compact on Refugees | UNHCR, accessed January 5, 2024, https:// globalcompactrefugees.org/pledges-contributions. “Pledges 2011: Ministerial Intergovernmental Event on Refugees and Stateless Persons.” UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Papua New Guinea: UNHCR Submission for the Universal Periodic Review – Papua New Guinea – UPR 25th Session (2016) , May 2016, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/60ae3f784.html UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Papua New Guinea: UNHCR Submission for the Universal Periodic Review – Papua New Guinea – UPR 25th Session (2016) , May 2016, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/60ae3f784.html “Helping West Papuan Refugees,” Immigration & Citizenship Services Authority of Papua New Guinea, accessed November 14, 2023, https://ica.gov.pg/refugees/helping-west-papuan-refugees. See ‘Statelessness and Climate Change’ section below. Notably Kiribati’s Banaban population who were relocated to Fiji. See Jane McAdam, ‘Self-determination and Selfgovernance for Communities Relocated across International Borders: The Quest for Banaban Independence’ (2017) 24 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 428; Gil Marvel P Tabucanon, ‘Social and Cultural Protection for Environmentally Displaced Populations: Banaban Minority Rights in Fiji’ (2014) 21 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 25. Giovanni Torre, 'Number of Indigenous People Facing Threat of Deportation Revealed After Court Case Canned' (9 August 2022), National Indigenous Times, <https://nit.com.au/09-08-2022/3632/number-of-indigenous-people-facing-threat-ofdeportation-revealed-after-court-case-canned> Republic of Kiribati, '2020 Population and House: General Report and Results' (July 2021) 22, Table A-1e. Non-citizen Population by Country of Citizenship and Sex: 2020 PHC Kiribati; Vanuatu National Statistics Office, '2020 National Population and Housing Census' (17 November 2021) 68 Table. 3.11: Non-Vanuatu Citizens Living in Private Households by Sex and Region of Citizenship US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human rights Report’ (April 2022) 11 UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5 UNHCR Global Trends 2021 (June 2022) Annex, Table 1 See e.g., AL (Myanmar) [2018] NZIPT 801255. STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 Nicole Tooby, “Australia Evacuates Last Refugee on Nauru,” Human Rights Watch (blog), June 28, 2023, https://www.hrw.org/ news/2023/06/29/australia-evacuates-last-refugee-nauru. Commentary from the UN is extensive, for all UN commentary, see ‘United Nationals Observations: Australia’s Transfer Arrangements with Nauru and Papua New Guinea (2012-resent’, UNHCR <https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/united-nationsobservations.html>; ‘Australia: Appalling Abuse, Neglect of Refugees on Nauru’, Human Rights Watch (2 August 2016) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/08/02/australia-appalling-abuse-neglect-refugees-nauru>; Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, ‘Australia’s Man-Made Crisis on Nauru’, Refugee Council of Australia (4 October 2020) <https://www.refugeecouncil. org.au/nauru-report/>. Tooby, “Australia Evacuates Last Refugee on Nauru.” Tooby. The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1). The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(2). Richard Curtain and Matthew Dornan, ‘Climate Change and Migration in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Nauru’, DevPolicyBlog (15 February 2019) <https://devpolicy.org/climate-change-migration-kiribati-tuvalu-nauru-20190215/>. “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle.” “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle.” “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle.” “Registration Info,” PAPUA NEW GUINEA CIVIL AND IDENTITY REGISTRY (blog), accessed November 14, 2023, https:// pngcir.gov.pg/nid-registration-information/. “2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Palau,” United States Department of State (blog), 2022, https://www. state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/palau/. Legitimacy Act (2016) (Tonga). Committee on the Rights of the Child, ‘Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of Tonga’ UN Doc CRC/C/TON/CO/1 (2 July 2019) [29]. Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 14; Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3). The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 43(2); Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 7. Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1). Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) s 77. Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 21(8); Citizenship of Fiji Act (2009) s 6; Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Constitution of Nauru (1968) s 73; Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1978) art XI s 1(2)(b);Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand); Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45. Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6(3)(c) (Samoa) UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: Papua New Guinea’ (Report, 2010); Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, ‘Submission to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights for the Consideration of the Universal Periodic Review of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea during the 25th Session’ (Report, 2015); Jenny Munro, ‘West Papuan Refugees in Papua New Guinea: On the Way to Citizenship?’ (Report 2016/19, State, Society & Governance in Melanesia); Jo Chandler, ‘Refugees on their Own Land: The West Papuans in Limbo in Papua New Guinea’, The Guardian (Online, 1 December 2019) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/01/refugees-on-their-own-land-thewest-papuans-in-limbo-in-papua-new-guinea>; Diana Glazebrook, ‘“If I Stay Here There is Nothing Yet If I Return I do not Know Whether I Will be Safe”: West Papuan Refugee Responses to Papua New Guinea Asylum Policy 1998–2003’ (2004) 17(2) Journal of Refugee Studies 205; Diana Glazebrook, Permissive Residents: West Papuan Refugees Living in Papua New Guinea (ANU Press, 2008); Catherine Scott and Neles Tabay, ‘The West Papua Conflict and its Consequences for the Island of New Guinea: Root Causes and the Campaign for Papua, Land of Peace’ (2005) 94(382) The Round Table 599; Klaus Neumann, ‘Hush-hushing the Whole Matter: The UNHCR, Australia, and West Papuan Refugees’ (2006) 23(1) Refuge 69. US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human rights Report’ (April 2022) 11. Stefan Armbruster, ‘Fifty Years in the Making: Refugees in Australia’s First Manus Camp Offered PNG Citizenship’, SBS News (Online, 25 September 2017) <https://www.sbs.com.au/news/fifty-years-in-the-making-refugees-in-australia-s-first-manuscamp-offered-png-citizenship>. US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human rights Report’ (April 2022) 11. Citizenship Act (1979) s 8 (Kiribati). UN General Assembly, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 30 August 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 989, p. 175, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b39620.html Nationality Act (2016) (Tonga) S 12(1) Lyanne Togiba and Michele Cheng, ‘Life in Limbo: The Manus babies who Face a Stateless Future’, The Guardian (Online, 13 December 2018) <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/dec/13/life-in-limbo-the-manus-babies-who-face-astateless-future>. Asher Hirsch, “Denying Refugees Citizenship: The Australian Way,” Refugee Council of Australia, November 10, 2017, https:// www.refugeecouncil.org.au/denying-refugees-citizenship/. “Data Warehouse,” UNICEF DATA, accessed November 7, 2023, https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/. Committee on the Rights of the Child, List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2 July 2019, CRC/C/FSM/Q/2. REPORT 2024 321