ENDNOTES 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 290 Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness” (UNHCR, October 2021), https://www.unhcr. org/centralasia/wp-content/uploads/sites/75/2021/11/2021-UNHCR-Statelessness_Uzbekistan-screen.pdf. Burma Citizenship Law (1982) ss 23–41. Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 10–11; Citizenship Act (1997) ss 6(1), (3), 7(1) (New Zealand); Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6–7 (Samoa); see Citizenship Amendment Bill (2016) s 2 (amending s 7 of the Citizenship Act (2004) s 7(1)) (Samoa); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121-122. Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017)137. E-Stat, ‘Statistics of Foreign Residents (Former Statistics of Registered Foreigners)’ (December 2021) <https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/ files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year= 20210&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399> See Min-Chul Hwang, ‘Exploring Marriage Migrants’ Citizenship Acquisition in South Korea’ (2015) 24(3) Asia and Pacific Migration Journal 376; Susan Kneebone, ‘Transnational Marriage Migrants and Nationality: The Case of South Korea and Taiwan’ (Conference Paper, International Academic Conference, November 2017); Hee-Kang Kim, ‘Marriage Migration between South Korea and Vietnam: A Gender Perspective’ (2012) 36(3) Asian Perspective 531; Hsiao-Chuan Hsia, ‘From “Social Problem” to “Social Assets”: Geopolitical, Discursive Shifts in Children of Southeast Asian Marriage Migrants, and Mother-Child Dyadic Citizenship in Taiwan’ [2021] Citizenship Studies 1. Te-Yuan Chien, ‘Differential Human Right of Migrant Spouses Based on Nationalities in Taiwan’ (2018) 19 Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 81. See Hee-Kang Kim, ‘Marriage Migration between South Korea and Vietnam: A Gender Perspective’ (2012) 36(3) Asian Perspective 531; Chulhyo Kim and Seori Choi, ‘Mapping Statelessness in the Republic of Korea’ (December 2021) 17-18 <https://www.refworld.org/docid/61dc11a34.html>; Jun-Hong Chen, ‘Marriage Immigrants in Taiwan’, HuRights Osaka (December 2017) <https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section3/2017/12/marriage-immigrants-in-taiwan.html>. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 4, Article 25. Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Article 55. Law on the Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (1958) s 17. US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 11; Brian Barbour, ‘Desk Review of Populations at Risk of Statelessness Philippines’ (UNHCR, 2021) 20. UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5 fn 31; Brian Barbour, ‘Desk Review of Populations at Risk of Statelessness Philippines’ (UNHCR, 2021) 20; Stefan Armbruster, ‘Fifty Years in the Making: Refugees in Australia’s First Manus Camp Offered PNG Citizenship’, SBS News (Online, 25 September 2017) <https://www.sbs.com.au/ news/fifty-years-in-the-making-refugees-in-australia-s-first-manus-camp-offered-png-citizenship>. See Michael Hutt, Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan (Oxford University Press, 2005); Tang Lay Lee, ‘Refugees from Bhutan: Nationality, Statelessness and the Right to Return’ (1998) 10(1–2) International Journal of Refugee Law 118. For further background and explanation of the National Register of Citizens and Foreigners Tribunal process see Talha Abdul Rahman, ‘Identifying the “Outsider”: An Assessment of Foreigners Tribunals in the Indian State of Assam’ (2020) 2(1) Statelessness & Citizenship Review 112. Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion and Verité Research, ‘Hill Country Tamils of Sri Lanka: Towards Meaningful Citizenship’ (Report, August 2019) 15. Chae Mims, ‘The Statelessness of the Children of North Korean Women Defectors in China’ (2021) 24(2) Human Rights Brief 98; Choo Chin Low, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan’ (Country Report, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016); Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017) 126–36. Ridwanul Hoque, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: Bangladesh’ (EUDO Citizenship Observatory, December 2016) 13–14 <https:// cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf>. Ridwanul Hoque, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: Bangladesh’ (EUDO Citizenship Observatory, December 2016) 14 <https:// cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf>. ‘Bangladesh & Myanmar: More than 100,000 Babies Born in Refugee and Displacement Camps in Recent Years’, Save the Children (25 August 2020) <https://www.savethechildren.org.au/media/media-releases/bangladesh-myanmar>. The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4. See Fortify Rights, ‘Genocide by Attrition: The Role of Identity Documents in the Holocaust and the Genocides of Rwanda and Myanmar’ (8 June 2022) <https://www.fortifyrights.org/mya-inv-rep-2022-06-08/>. See UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Home Rights’ Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: Brunei Darussalam’ (October 2018) 3-4. <https://www. refworld.org/topic,50ffbce524d,50ffbce5268,5ccab7d67,0,,,BRN.html>; Lyma Nguyen and Christoph Sperfledt, ‘A Boat Without Anchors’ (JRS Cambodia, 2012); Stateless Persons in Indonesia: Consequences and Legal Protection’ (2022) 11(1) Udayana Master Law Journal 76; Brian Barbour, ‘Desk Review of Populations at Risk of Statelessness Philippines’ (UNHCR, 2021); Amanda Flaim ‘Problems of Evidence, Evidence of Problems: Expanding Citizenship and Reproducing Statelessness among Highlanders in Northern Thailand’ in Benjamin Lawrence and Jacqueline Stevens (eds), Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness (Duke University Press, 2017); Boat People SOS, ‘Consequences of Statelessness on Hmong Christians: The Children of Subdivision 181 in Vietnam – A Case Study’ (30 December 2021) <https://www.ohchr. org/sites/default/files/2022-01/Boat-People-SOS.pdf>. Lyanne Togiba and Michele Cheng, ‘Life in Limbo: The Manus Babies who Face a Stateless Future’, The Guardian (Online, 13 December 2018) <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/dec/13/life-in-limbo-the-manus-babies-who-face-astateless-future>. STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, ‘Concluding Observations on the Third Periodic Report of Afghanistan’ UN Doc CEDAW/C/AFG/CO/3 (10 March 2020) [37]–[38]; US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 20; see for example, ‘Deena and Charulatha — Nepal’, Equality now (7 July 2022) <https://www. equalitynow.org/stories/deena-and-charulatha-nepal/>. Committee on the Rights of the Child, ‘Concluding Observations on the Combined Third and Fourth Periodic Reports of India’ UN Doc CRC/C/IND/CO/3-4 (7 July 2014) [43]–[44]; UNHCR, ‘Submission for the Officer of the Hight Commissioner for Human Rights Compilation Report, Universal Periodic Review: India’ (August 2016) 2. Xari Jalil, ‘50 Years of Statelessness: The Bengalis of Macchar Colony’, VoicePK (27 December 2021) <https://voicepk. net/2021/12/50-years-of-statelessness-the-bengalis-of-macchar-colony/>; Imkaan Welfare Organisation, Nationality For All and Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, ‘Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review: Pakistan’ (2022) <https://files.institutesi.org/UPR42_Pakistan.pdf>; See Rumaisa Khalil Uddin, ‘State-Less? The Harsh Reality of Ethnic Bengalis Living in Pakistan’, Siasat (1 October 2021) <https://blog.siasat.pk/ethnic-bengalis-living-in-pakistan/>; Hajira Maryam, ‘Stateless and Helpless: The Plight of Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan’, Al Jazeera ((29 September 2021) <https:// www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan>. Australia Indonesia Partnership for Justice, ‘AIPJ Baseline Study on Legal Identity: Indonesia’s Missing Millions’ (Report, 2014) 3; See Jessica Ball, Leslie Butt and Harriot Beazley, ‘Birth Registration and Protection for Children of Transnational Labour Migrants in Indonesia’ (2017) 15(3) Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 305. Brian Barbour, ‘Desk Review of Populations at Risk of Statelessness Philippines’ (UNHCR, 2021) 6. UN Statistics Division, Coverage of Birth and Death Registration’ (February 2021) https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographicsocial/crvs/; UNICEF, ‘Birth Registration Data Set’ (May 2022) <https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/percentagechildren-age-5-whose-births-registered-sex-place-residence-household-wealth-quintile/>. See Central Asia chapter. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) Chapter 1, Article 4. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, (2007) Chapter 1, Article 9. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR Submission for the Universal Periodic Review – Tajikistan – UPR 39th Session (2021), April 2021, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/61951a2f7.html See East Asia chapter. 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Stephanie Gordon, ‘China’s Hidden Children’, The Diplomat (online, 12 March 2015) <https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/ chinas-hidden-children/>; Coco Liu and Shanshan Chen, ‘Lost Lives: The Battle of China’s Invisible Children to Recover Missed Years’, Reuters (online, 14 December 2016) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-children-policyidUSKBN1431CX>. “Citizenship,” text, Australian Passport Office (Australian Passport Office, March 5, 2018), https://www.passports.gov.au/ getting-passport-how-it-works/documents-you-need/citizenship. “Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council: Universal Periodic Review: 44th Session - Bangladesh” (Council of Minorities, Rohingya Human Rights Initiative, Free Rohingya Coalition, Namati, Nationality For All, The Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights, Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, April 5, 2023), https://files.institutesi.org/UPR44_Bangladesh. pdf. “CRVS Case Studies: Bhutan.” “Citizenship by Descent Application Checklist,” VFS Global, July 2018, https://www.vfsglobal.com/australia/cambodia/khmer/ pdf/Citizenship-by-Descent-Checklist.pdf. 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