ENDNOTES 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 288 Samantha A Vortherms, ‘China’s Missing Children: Political Barriers to Citizenship through the Household Registration System’ (2019) 238 The China Quarterly 309. Stephanie Gordon, ‘China’s Hidden Children’, The Diplomat (online, 12 March 2015) <https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/chinas-hidden-children/>; Coco Liu and Shanshan Chen, ‘Lost Lives: The Battle of China’s Invisible Children to Recover Missed Years’, Reuters (online, 14 December 2016) <https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-china-children-policy-idUSKBN1431CX>. E-Stat, ‘Statistics of Foreign Residents (Former Statistics of Registered Foreigners)’ (December 2021) <https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/ files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year= 20210&month=24101212&tclass1 =000001060399> US Department of State, ‘Japan 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 17. UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights, Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2014) 2. US Department of State, ‘Papua New Guinea 2021: Human rights Report’ (April 2022) 11. See Talha Abdul Rahman, ‘Identifying the “Outsider”: An Assessment of Foreigners Tribunals in the Indian State of Assam’ (2020) 2(1) Statelessness & Citizenship Review 112; Right to Nationality & Citizenship Network, ‘Marginalised and Impoverished in Assam’ (Report, January 2021); J Field et al, ‘Bureaucratic Failings in the National Register of Citizens Process Have Worsen Life for the Vulnerable in Assam’ (Report, 2019); Regina Menachery Paulose, ‘A New Dawn? Statelessness and Assam’ (2019) 7(1) Groningen Journal of International Law 99; Amnesty International, ‘Designed to Exclude: How India’s Courts are Allowing Foreigners Tribunals to Render People Stateless in Assam’ (Report, 2019); Human Rights Watch, ‘“Shoot the Traitors” Discrimination Against Muslims under India’s New Citizenship Policy’ (Report, April 2020); Vatsal Raj, ‘The National Register of Citizens and India’s Commitment Deficit to International Law’ LSE Blog (Online, 10 August 2020) <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2020/08/10/the-national-register-of-citizens-and-indiascommitment-deficit-to-international-law/>; Anruadha Sen Mookerjee, ‘How the National Citizenship Registration in Assam is Shaping a New National Identity in India’, The Conversation (Online, 30 August 2019) https://theconversation.com/howthe-national-citizenship-registration-in-assam-is-shaping-a-new-national-identity-in-india-121152. “Union to SC: ‘No Accurate Data on Illegal Immigration, Rs 122 Cr Spent on 100 Foreigners Tribunals,’” The Wire, Dec 12 20223, https://thewire.in/uncategorised/union-to-sc-no-accurate-data-on-illegal-immigration-rs-122-cr-spent-on-100foreigners-tribunals. Sanskrita Bharadwaj, “Declared Illegal Immigrants, Detained For 18 Months, Then Found To Be Indian: An Assam Muslim Family’s Trauma,” Article 14, April 26, 2022, https://article-14.com/post/declared-illegal-immigrants-detained-for-18months-then-found-to-be-indian-an-assam-muslim-family-s-trauma-6266ffec7522c; Kangkan Kalita, “‘Over 1.43 Lakh People Were Declared Foreigners In Assam,’” Times of India, February 10, 2022, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ guwahati/over-1-43-lakh-people-were-declared-foreigners-in-assam/articleshow/89464774.cms. Sabin Sherstha and Subin Mulmi, ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Estimation and Projection’ (June 2016) < https://fwld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Acquisition-of-Citizenship-Certificate-in-Nepal-Estimation-and-Projection. pdf>; US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 19. UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5 fn 28. Durie Rainer Fong, ‘Almost a Quarter of Sabah Residents are Non-Citizens, Assembly Told’, Free Malaysia Today (24 March 2022) <https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/03/24/almost-a-quarter-of-sabah-residents-are-noncitizens-assembly-told/>. Bathmaloshanee M, Maalini Ramalo and Savarana M Sinpan, ‘Report Statelessness in Malaysia’ (DHRRA, April 2022) 15 <https://dhrramalaysia.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/STATELESSNESS-IN-MALAYSIA-REPORT-05042022_ compressed.pdf>. See Christoph Sperfeldt, ‘Legal Identity and Minority Statelessness in Cambodia: Recent Developments’ (2021) 3(2) Statelessness and Citizenship Review 347. Boat People SOS, ‘Consequences of Statelessness on Hmong Christians: The Children of Subdivision 181 in Vietnam – A Case Study’ (30 December 2021) <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/Boat-People-SOS.pdf>. See Madhura Balasubramaniam and Sonika Gupta, ‘Disciplining Statelessness: Fragmentary Outcomes of the Tibetan Rehabilitation Policy in India’ [2020] Asian Studies Review 1; Deepak K Singh, Statelessness in South Asia: The Chakmas between Bangladesh and India (Sage, 2010). See Forum for Women Law and Development, ‘Acquisition of Citizenship Certificate in Nepal: Understanding Trends, Barriers & Impacts’ (Report, February 2014); Tilak Biswakarma, ‘Citizenship and Social Security of Landless Dalits in Nepal’ (2018) 6 Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 52; Uddhab Pyakurel, Reproduction of Inequality and Social Exclusion: A Study of Dalits in a Caste Society, Nepal (Springer, 2021). “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Considers the Report of Kyrgyzstan.” See Brian Barbour, ‘Desk Review of Populations at Risk of Statelessness Philippines’ (UNHCR, 2021). See ‘Southeast Asia’ Sub-Regional Chapter. See Janepicha Cheva-Isarakul, ‘“Diagnosing” Statelessness and Everyday State Illegibility in Northern Thailand’ (2019) 1(2) Statelessness & Citizenship Review 214, 219-21. Allen R Maxwell, ‘Malay Polysemy and Political Power: Census Categories, Ethnicity, and Citizenship in Brunei Darussalam’ (2001) 9(2) South East Asia Research 173; US Department of State, ‘Brunei 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 12. “2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Palau.” See Khalid Hussain, ‘The End of Bihari Statelessness’ (2009) 32 Forced Migration Review 30; Md Kamrul Hasan Arif, ‘The Status of the Bihari Community in Bangladesh under Domestic and International Law’ (2018) 25 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 664. STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 See Zarwali Khoshnood, ‘Afghanistan’s Marginalized Minority Fights Stateless Status’, Gandhara (Online, 29 June 2015) <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-mosuli-jats/27100409.html>; Lima Hadi, Noorullah Shayan and Abubakar Siddique, ‘Jogis: Afghanistan’s Tiny Stateless Minority Strive to Survive Without Rights, Services’, Gandhara (Online, 14 October 2019) <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/jogis-afghanistan-s-tiny-stateless-minority-strives-to-survive-without-rightsservices/30216120.html>; Michelle Foster and Adil Hasan Khan, ‘Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 and International Law’ (Briefing Note, 1 April 2021); ‘Citizenship Amendment Bill: India’s New “Anti-Muslim” Law Explained’, BBC (Online, 11 December 2019) <https:// www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50670393>. Maldivian Citizenship Act (1995) s 2. “Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council: Universal Periodic Review: 42nd Session - Pakistan” (Imkaan Welfare Organisation, Nationality For All, Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, February 2023), https://files.institutesi.org/ UPR42_Pakistan.pdf. See Tufan Neupane and Tika R Pradhan, ‘Statelessness in Nepal’, The Kathmandu Post (3 September 2022) < https:// kathmandupost.com/national/2022/09/03/stateless-in-nepal>; Maldivian Citizenship Act (1995) s 2. See also, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, ‘Concluding Observations on the Sixth Periodic Report of Maldives’ UN Doc CEDAW/C/MDV/CO/6 (23 November 2021) [35]-[36]. UNHCR, Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: 3rd Cycle, 36th Session Republic of Maldives (Report, October 2019); Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Maldives’ UN Doc CERD/C/MDV/CO/5–12 (14 September 2011) [10]; Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review’ UN Doc A/HRC/46/10 (15 December 2020). Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, ss 1, 17. See ‘Malaysian Campaign for Equal Citizenship’, Family Frontiers <https://familyfrontiers.org/our-work/#active-1>. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121. Republic vs. Batugas, G.R. No. 183110, October 7, 2013. Brunei Nationality Act (2011) s 5(6). Nationality Act (1965) s 11 (Thailand). Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the combined sixth and seventh periodic reports of Thailand, 24 July 2017, CEDAW/C/THA/CO/6-7, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_ layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2FC%2FTHA%2FCO%2F6-7&Lang=en The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(2). The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(2). Richard Curtain and Matthew Dornan, ‘Climate Change and Migration in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Nauru’, DevPolicyBlog (15 February 2019) <https://devpolicy.org/climate-change-migration-kiribati-tuvalu-nauru-20190215/>. “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle.” Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 14; Law on Nationality (1996) s 4(2) (Cambodia); Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 7; Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4(9); Nationality Law No 147 (1950) s 2(3) (Japan); Law on Lao Nationality (1990) s 12; Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1955) s 7(4); Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand); Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(4); Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) s 77(1); Foundling Welfare Act (2020) s 4 (the Philippines); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) Schedule 3, s 13; Nationality Act (2016) s 2(2) (South Korea); The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 43(2); Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) s 18; Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, (2007) Chapter 2, Article 12(5); Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) Chapter 2, Article 13; Law of Turkmenistan on Citizenship of Turkmenistan (2013) Chapter 2, Article 11(1.8) & 11(3); Nationality Act (1929) (rev. 2021), Article 3 (Taiwan). Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 12; The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1(1); Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2); Constitution of Nepal (2015) s 11(4); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4; Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (Timor-Leste); Nationality Act (1965) s 7 bis (Thailand); Citizenship Act (1948) s 7 (Sri Lanka); Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan (2015) Chapter 2, Article 13(8). Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 21(8); Citizenship of Fiji Act (2009) s 6; Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4(11); Nationality Law No 147 (1950) s 2(3) (Japan); Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1978) art XI s 1(2)(b); Constitution of Nauru (1968) s 73; Citizenship Act (1997) s 6(3) (New Zealand); Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5(3); Nationality Act (2016) s 2(1)(3) (South Korea); Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (Timor-Leste); Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45; Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic (2007) Chapter 2, Article 12(4); Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 2, Article 14. Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 15; The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); Law on Nationality (1996) s 4(2) (Cambodia); Law on Lao Nationality (1990) s 11; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1(1); Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1955) s 7(5); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4; Nationality Act (1965) s 7 bis (Thailand); Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6(3)(c) (Samoa); Nationality Act (1929) (rev. 2021), Article 3 (Taiwan); Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 6; Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) s 17; “UNHCR’s Commentary on the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan ‘On Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan’”; “Statelessness in Kazakhstan: Analysis of National Legislation”; “Comparative Legal Analysis of the National Legislation and Practices of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Other Central Asian States in Line with the Provisions of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of REPORT 2024 289