ENDNOTES 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Refugee Data Finder’ <https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/ methodology/definition/>. Expert Group on Refugee and Internally Displaced Persons Statistics, ‘International Recommendations on Statelessness Statistics: Discussion Paper’ (9 February 2021) <https://egrisstats.org/wp-content/uploads/1.E-IROSS-Discussion-Paper. pdf>. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 198 UNTS 137 (entered into force 22 April 1954) Art 1A. See Institute of Statelessness and Inclusion, ‘Citizenship and Statelessness: (in)equality and (non)discrimination’ (2018) < https://files.institutesi.org/Statelessness-and-discrimination.pdf>. Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, opened for signature 30 August 1961, 989 UNTS 175 (entered into force 13 December 1975) arts 8, 9. OHCHR, ‘The Human Rights Consequences of Citizenship Stripping in the Context of Counter-Terrorism with a Popular Application to Northeast Syria’ (February 2022) <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Deprivation-ofCitizenship.docx>. See further Barbara Buckinx, Matt Edbrooke and Rana Ibrahem, ‘Self-Determination and Sea-Level Rise’ (Policy Paper, Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, April 2021) 5–7. Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Birth registration and the Right of Everyone to Recognition Everywhere as a Person Before the Law’ (17 June 2014) UN Doc A/HRC/27/22. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 4 (Bangladesh); Law on Nationality (1996) s 4 (Cambodia); Law of the Republic of Indonesia on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 4; Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) s 5 (North Korea); Nationality Act (2016) s 2(1)(1) (South Korea); Nationality Act (1965) s 7 (Thailand); Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) ss 15, 17; Choo Chin Low, “Report on Citizenship Law: Malaysia and Singapore” (GlobalCit, February 2017), https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45371/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_03. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 6; Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) article XI(1)(2); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25(1); The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45(1). While Taiwan’s claim to an independent State is contested, the peoples of Taiwan do have access to nationality rights under their democratic regime. Taiwan does not hold a concept of citizenship, but rather the system works on the concept of nationality. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 5 (Bangladesh); Law on Nationality (1996) s 4 (Cambodia); Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia (1978) art 3(2); Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 8; Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 4; Nationality Law No 147 (1950) s 2(1) (Japan); Constitution of the Republic of Maldives (2008) s 9; Marshall Islands Constitution (1979) art XI(1)(2); Naoero Citizenship Act (2017) ss 9, 12; The Constitution of the Republic of Palau (1979) art 3(2); Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) s 66; The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987) s IV(1)(2); Nationality Act (1965) s 7(1) (Thailand); Law on Citizenship (2002) s 8 (Timor-Leste); The Constitution of the Solomon Islands (1978) s 22; Nationality Act (2016) s 2(1)(1) (South Korea); Nationality Act (2016) s 2 (Tonga); The Constitution of Tuvalu (2008) s 45(2); Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu (1980) s 11; Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 2, Article 14(c); Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, (2007) Chapter 2, Article 12(1); Nationality Act (1929) (rev. 2021) Article 2(1-2) (Taiwan). Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 10; Australian Citizenship Act (2007) ss 13, 16; Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4; Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) ss 4, 5; The Citizenship Act (1995) ss 3-4 (India); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25; Law on Lao Nationality (1990) ss 9-10 (Laos); Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1; Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1955) s 7(1); Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 11–14; Citizenship Act (1997) ss 6(1), (3), 7(1) (New Zealand); Nationality Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2017) ss 5–7; Citizenship Act (2004) ss 6, 7 (Samoa) see Citizenship Amendment Bill (2016) s 2 (amending s 7 of the Citizenship Act (2004) s 7(1)); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) ss 121, 122; Citizenship Act (1948) s 5(1) (Sri Lanka); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 5; Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008) ss 15, 16; Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan (2015) Chapter 2, Article 13(2); Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) Chapter 2, Article 12; Law of Turkmenistan on Citizenship of Turkmenistan (2013) Chapter 2, Article 11(1.4). Bhutan Citizenship Act (1985) s 2; Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 10. Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4; Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 3; “2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Palau,” United States Department of State (blog), 2022, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-onhuman-rights-practices/palau/. Maldivian Citizenship Act (1995) s 2; “Citizenship Amendment Bill: India’s New ‘anti-Muslim’ Law Explained,” BBC, December 9, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50670393. Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) s 4; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s1(1); Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 11(2)(b), 11(5); The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 25; Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 121. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, ‘Concluding Observations on the Sixth Periodic Report of Maldives’ UN Doc CEDAW/C/MDV/CO/6 (23 November 2021) [35]-[36]. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 10 (Bangladesh); The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 10; Laws of Brunei: Brunei Nationality (2011) ss 3, 5(6).; The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 26; Constitution of Malaysia (1957) Schedule 2, Part I, s 15(1); Republic Act No.1939 (2001) ss 11-12 (the Philippines); Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1965) s 123; Nationality Act (1965) ss 9-12 (Thailand); Constitution of Nepal (2015) ss 11. ENDNOTES 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 284 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle” (Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, May 2021), https://files.institutesi. org/UPR38_All_Country_Summary.pdf. Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 18. The Citizenship Act (1955), s 6 (India). Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 43, 45. Nepal Citizenship Act (2006) s 5. The Constitution of the Republic of Palau (1981) (rev. 1992) art 3(4); Citizenship Act (1994) s 132 (Palau). Nationality Act (2016) s 5 (South Korea). Naturalization Regulations (2020) s 3(3) (Tonga). “Immigrating,” The Chinese Central Government’s Official Web Portal, accessed November 22, 2023, https://www.gov.cn/ english/service/immigrating.htm. Citizenship Act (1997) s 8(2) (New Zealand). Immigration Act (2019) s 47 (Kiribati). Citizenship Act (1948) s 11-13 (Sri Lanka). “Statelessness in Kazakhstan: Analysis of National Legislation” (UNHCR, May 2023), https://www.unhcr.org/centralasia/wpcontent/uploads/sites/75/2023/06/UNHCR-Kazakhstan-Statelessness-ENG-2023.pdf. Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2023, s 4. “Brunei: Human Rights Report 2022,” United States Department of State (blog), 2022, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 6. Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan (2015) Chapter 2, Article 16(2). Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 21(8). Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 3, Article 20(a). Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008), Article 22. Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008), Article 22. Australian Citizenship Act (2007) s 21(8). Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, (2007) Chapter 2, Article 13(2). “Philippines Approves Rules on Facilitated Naturalization for Refugees, Stateless Persons,” UNHCR Philippines, March 25, 2022, https://www.unhcr.org/ph/26107-philippines-approves-rules-on-facilitated-naturalization-for-refugees-statelesspersons.html. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic (2007) Chapter 2, Article 13(2). Rule on Facilitated Naturalization of Refugees and Stateless Persons (A.M. No. 21-07-22-SC) (2022), s 8(b) (Philippines). Australian Embassy Denmark (January 24, 2022). Dual Citizenship and Citizenship by Descent Information. Dual Citizenship. https://denmark.embassy.gov.au/cpgn/Citizenship.html#:~:text=From%204%20April%202002%2C%20it,hold%20an%20 additional%20foreign%20citizenship; Constitution of the Republic of Fiji (2013) s 5(4); Citizenship of Fiji Decree (2009) s 14; Naoero Citizenship Act (2017) Article 16; The Constitution of the Republic of Palau (1981) (rev. 1992) art 3(3); Citizenship Act Amendment Bill (2013) s 1 (Palau), available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/6061914a4.pdf; Constitution (Amendment) (Dual Citizenship) Act (2018) s (Solomon Islands); Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu (1980) Chapter 3, Article 13(1); Law on Citizenship (2002) s 5 (Timor-Leste); “Maldives,” Central Intelligence Agency, December 6, 2023, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/. Law on Citizenship of the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan (2000) s 7; Bhutan Citizenship Act (1985) s 6(a); Burma Citizenship Law (1982) s 13; Brunei Nationality Act (2011) s 9(5)(a); Law of the Republic of Indonesia on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia (2006) s 9(f); Federal Constitution Art. 24 and 25 (Malaysia); Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) Chapter 2, Article 3; The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) s 24; Citizenship Act (1984) s 411 (Marshall Islands); Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 3; Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 11(1); Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 4(1); Nepal Citizenship Act (2006) s 5(iv)(c); Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan (2015) Chapter 1, Article 8; Law of Turkmenistan on Citizenship of Turkmenistan (2013) Chapter 1, Article 5(2); Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 1, Article 12; “Can Indians Have Dual Citizenship? Here’s the Fine Print,” The Economic Times, May 22, 2023, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/can-indianshave-dual-citizenship-heres-the-fine-print/articleshow/100406075.cms; “North Korea International Travel Information,” Travel.State.Gov, accessed November 27, 2023, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/InternationalTravel-Country-Information-Pages/KoreaDemocraticPeoplesRepublicof.html. The Citizenship Act (1951) s 14 (Bangladesh); Ridwanul Hoque, “Report on Citizenship Law: Bangladesh,” December 2016, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf. The Pakistan Citizenship Act (1951) s 14; “Dual Nationality,” Pakistan Directorate General of Immigration & Passports, accessed December 16, 2023, https://dgip.gov.pk/immigration/dual_nationality.php. Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia (1978) (rev. 1990) art 3(3); Citizenship and Naturalization (Amendment) Act PL19-91 (2016) s 1 (Micronesia); Federated States of Micronesia Revised Code 2014 Title 7 Citizenship, s 101(1). Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (1975) Part IV, Article 64. Citizenship Act (1948) s 19(3) (Sri Lanka). Law on Lao Nationality (2004) s 3, 15. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016. Law on Vietnamese Nationality (2008), Articles 19(3), 23(5). REPORT 2024 285