CHAPTER I CHAPTER III Populations with a higher risk or incidence of statelessness in OSCE participating States include (but are not limited to) the following factors, which sometimes overlap: CHAPTER IV People in or from a dissolved State who have not gained the nationality of a successor State, or who have no nationality after a transfer of territories between existing States, in both cases usually due to gaps in legislation; not being resident during a particular time period; not being registered as a citizen, for example, because they could not pay a fee or for other reasons; and/or being barred from citizenship for ethnic and/or political reasons. CHAPTER V People from border areas or remote areas, whose births are not registered, often common amongst indigenous or nomadic cross-border communities. CHAPTER VI People belonging to national minorities, including but not limited to Roma and Sinti, whose births may be less likely to be registered, who may have reason to distrust authorities, who lack access to the procedures, and/or who may live in poverty and be unable to pay fees.47 In some OSCE participating States, for example, Romani communities face intergenerational barriers to birth registration, including lack of a legally registered address and lack of access to reproductive health care, especially for Romani women living in rural areas. Those who lack identity documents, health insurance and/or sufficient income may be more likely to have home births and less likely to register children’s births, in part due to the lack of required documents, and thus some become stateless.48 CHAPTER VII People deprived of nationality for political reasons (and their family members), including for example, the children of human rights advocates. 47 48 See e.g., Climate Change and Statelessness: An Overview, UNHCR, 15 May 2009; Michelle Foster, et al., Preventing Statelessness and Nationality Loss in the Context of Climate Change, ENS, 19 May 2022. See UNHCR, UNICEF, Ending Childhood Statelessness in Europe. See ENS, Birth registration and the prevention of statelessness in Europe, p. 9. ANNEXES 21 RECOMMENDATIONS 46 CHAPTER II groups are less likely to register births, sometimes due to distrust of authorities and/or cultural traditions. Moreover, in some contexts, displacement driven by climate change and natural disasters may also lead to statelessness.46 Statelessness is often inter-generational, and effective approaches to childhood statelessness must prevent transmission from parents to children.